Ruby Interview Questions

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A text-book answer: classes are a blue-print for constructing computer models for real or virtual objects... boring.
In reality: classes hold data, have methods that interact with that data, and are used to instantiate objects.
Like this.

class WhatAreClasses
  def initialize
    @data = "I''m instance data of this object. Hello."
  end

  def method
    puts @data.gsub("instance", "altered")
  end
end

object = WhatAreClasses.new
object.method
 #=> I''m altered data of this object. Hello.

All methods, no matter the access control, can be accessed within the class. But what about outside callers? Public methods enforce no access control -- they can be called in any scope. Protected methods are only accessible to other objects of the same class. Private methods are only accessible within the context of the current object.

class AccessLevel
  def something_interesting
    another = AccessLevel.new
    another.public_method
    another.protected_method
    another.private_method
  end

  def public_method
    puts "Public method. Nice to meet you."
  end

  protected

  def protected_method
    puts "Protected method. Sweet!"
  end

  private 

  def private_method
    puts "Incoming exception!"
  end
end

AccessLevel.new.something_interesting
 #=> Public method.  Nice to meet you.
 #=> Protected method.  Sweet!
 #=> NoMethodError: private method ‘private_method’ called for
 #=>  #

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An instance of a class.
To some, it''s also the root class in ruby (Object).
Classes themselves descend from the Object root class. (Kudos to Ezra)

Everyone usually confuses procs with blocks, but the strongest rubyist can grok the true meaning of the question.
Essentially, Procs are anonymous methods (or nameless functions) containing code. They can be placed inside a variable and passed around like any other object or scalar value. They are created by Proc.new, lambda, and blocks (invoked by the yield keyword).
Note: Procs and lambdas do have subtle, but important, differences in ruby v1.8.6. However, I wouldn''t expect a candidate talk about these nitty-gritty details during an interview. (Kudos to Noah Thorp)

# wants a proc, a lambda, AND a block
def three_ways(proc, lambda, &block)
  proc.call
  lambda.call
  yield # like block.call
  puts "#{proc.inspect} #{lambda.inspect} #{block.inspect}"
end

anonymous = Proc.new { puts "I''m a Proc for sure." }
nameless  = lambda { puts "But what about me?" }

three_ways(anonymous, nameless) do
  puts "I''m a block, but could it be???"
end
 #=> I''m a Proc for sure.
 #=> But what about me?
 #=> I''m a block, but could it be???
 #=> # # #

Lambdas check the number of arguments, while procs do not

lam = lambda { |x| puts x }    # creates a lambda that takes 1 argument
lam.call(2)                    # prints out 2
lam.call                       # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (0 for 1)
lam.call(1,2,3)                # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (3 for 1)

In contrast, procs don’t care if they are passed the wrong number of arguments.

proc = Proc.new { |x| puts x } # creates a proc that takes 1 argument
proc.call(2)                   # prints out 2
proc.call                      # returns nil
proc.call(1,2,3)               # prints out 1 and forgets about the extra arguments

 

Lambdas and procs treat the ‘return’ keyword differently
‘return’ inside of a lambda triggers the code right outside of the lambda code

def lambda_test
lam = lambda { return }
lam.call
puts "Hello world"
end
lambda_test # calling lambda_test prints ''Hello World''

`return` inside of a proc triggers the code outside of the method where the proc is being executed

def proc_test
proc = Proc.new { return }
proc.call
puts "Hello world"
end

proc_test # calling proc_test prints nothing

 

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